The Geography Book

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بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم



In the Name of Allah

the Most Gracious the Most Merciful




Here my friends I will provide you

some of the basic information about the countries of the world



I will arrange them in the alphabetical letters way



I hope you to enjoy and get useful of that

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Afghanistan







President: Hamid Karzai - from 2002

Total area: 250,000 sq mi -647,500 sq km

Population (2010est.): 29,121,286


Capital and largest city : Kabul, 2,206,300



Geography

Afghanistan, approximately the size of Texas, is bordered on the north by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, on the extreme northeast by China, on the east and south by Pakistan, and by Iran on the west. The country is split east to west by the Hindu Kush mountain range, rising in the east to heights of 24,000 ft (7,315 m). With the exception of the southwest, most of the country is covered by high snow-capped mountains and is traversed by deep valleys

Government

In June 2002 a multiparty republic replaced an interim government that had been established in Dec. 2001, following the fall of the Islamic Taliban government

History

Darius I and Alexander the Great were the first to use Afghanistan as the gateway to India. Islamic conquerors arrived in the 7th century, and Genghis Khan and Tamerlane followed in the 13th and 14th centuries

In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a battleground in the rivalry between imperial Britain and czarist Russia for control of Central Asia. Three Anglo-Afghan wars (1839–1842, 1878–1880, 1919) ended inconclusively
In 1893 Britain established an unofficial border, the Durand Line, separating Afghanistan from British India, and London granted full independence in 1919. Emir Amanullah founded an Afghan monarchy in 1926


The Photos







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Albania






President: Bamir Topi sence 2007

Prime Minister: Sali Berisha sence 2005

Land area: 10,579 sq mi (27,400 sq km

total area: 11,100 sq mi - 28,748 sq km

Population 2010 est.: 3,659,616

Capital and largest city 2003 est.: Tirana, 353,400


Geography

Albania is situated on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, with Montenegro and Serbia to the north, Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south. Slightly larger than Maryland, Albania is composed of two major regions: a mountainous highland region (north, east, and south) constituting 70% of the land area, and a western coastal lowland region that contains nearly all of the country's agricultural land and is the most densely populated part of Albania

Government

Emerging democracy

History

A part of Illyria in ancient times and later of the Roman Empire, Albania was ruled by the Byzantine Empire from 535 to 1204. An alliance (1444–1466) of Albanian chiefs failed to halt the advance of the Ottoman Turks, and the country remained under at least nominal Turkish rule for more than four centuries, until it proclaimed its independence on Nov. 28, 1912

Largely agricultural, Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. A battlefield in World War I, after the war it became a republic in which a conservative Muslim landlord, Ahmed Zogu, proclaimed himself president in 1925 and king (Zog I) in 1928. He ruled until Italy annexed Albania in 1939. Communist guerrillas under Enver Hoxha seized power in 1944, near the end of World War II. Hoxha was a devotee of Stalin, emulating the Soviet leader's repressive tactics, imprisoning or executing landowners and others who did not conform to the socialist ideal. Hoxha eventually broke with Soviet communism in 1961 because of differences with Khrushchev and then aligned himself with Chinese communism, which he also abandoned in 1978 after the death of Mao. From then on Albania went its own way to forge its individual version of the socialist state and became one of the most isolated—and economically underdeveloped—countries in the world. Hoxha was succeeded by Ramiz Alia in 1982

The photos

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Algeria






President: Abdel-Aziz Bouteflika since 1999

Prime Minister: Ahmed Ouyahia since 2008

Total area: 919,590 sq mi -2,381,741 sq km

Population 2010 est.: 34,586,184

Capital and largest city 2003 est.: Algiers


Monetary unit: Dinar


Geography

Nearly four times the size of Texas, Algeria is bordered on the west by Morocco and Western Sahara and on the east by Tunisia and Libya. The Mediterranean Sea is to the north, and to the south are Mauritania, Mali, and Niger. The Saharan region, which is 85% of the country, is almost completely uninhabited. The highest point is Mount Tahat in the Sahara, which rises 9,850 ft3,000 m

Government

Parliamentary republic

History

Excavations in Algeria have indicated that Homo erectus resided there between 500,000 and 700,000 years ago. Phoenician traders settled on the Mediterranean coast in the 1st millennium B.C. As ancient Numidia, Algeria became a Roman colony, part of what was called Mauretania Caesariensis, at the close of the Punic Wars (145 B.C. ). Conquered by the
Vandals about A.D. 440, it fell from a high state of civilization to virtual barbarism,
from which it partly recovered after an invasion by Arabs about 650. Christian during its Roman period, the indigenous Berbers were then converted to Islam. Falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire by 1536, Algiers served for three centuries as the headquarters of the Barbary pirates. Ostensibly to rid the region of the pirates,
the French occupied Algeria in 1830 and made it a part of France in 1848

Algerian independence movements
led to the uprisings of 1954–1955, which developed into full-scale war.
In 1962, French president Charles de Gaulle began the peace negotiations,
and on July 5, 1962, Algeria was proclaimed independent.
In Oct. 1963, Ahmed Ben Bella was elected president, and the country became Socialist. He began to nationalize foreign holdings and aroused opposition.
He was overthrown in a military coup on June 19, 1965, by Col
Houari Boumédienne, who suspended the constitution and sought to restore economic stability. After his death, Boumédienne was succeeded by Col.
Chadli Bendjedid in 1978. Berbers rioted in 1980 when Arabic was made the country's only official l anguage.
Algeria entered a major recession after world oil prices plummeted in the 1980s

The Photos

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Andorra






Head of Government: Albert Pintat Santolària since 2005

Chiefs of State (Coprinces): Frederic de Saint-Sernin for France and Nemesi Marques Oste for Spain

Total area: 174 sq mi -451 sq km

Population 2010 est.: 84,525

Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Andorra la Vella, 23,000

Monetary units: Euro



Geography

Andorra is nestled high in the Pyrénées Mountains on the French-Spanish border

Government

A parliamentary coprincipality composed of the bishop of Urgel (Spain) and the president of France. Their representatives are listed above. The principality was internationally recognized as a sovereign state in 1993.

History

An autonomous and semi-independent coprincipality, Andorra has been under the joint suzerainty of the French state and the Spanish bishops of Urgel
since 1278. It maintains closer ties to Spain, however, and Catalan
is its official l anguge .In the late 20th century, Andorra became a popular tourist and winter sports destination and a wealthy international commercial center because of its banking facilities, low taxes, and lack of customs duties. In 1990 Andorra approved a customs union treaty with the EU permitting free movement of industrial goods between the two, but with Andorra applying the EU's external tariffs to third countries. Andorra became a member of the UN in 1993 and a member of the Council of Europe in 1994.
In 2002, Andorra shut down an incinerator that was emitting 1,000 times the dioxin levels permitted by the EU

On June 3, 2009, Jaume Bartumeu was elected the new head of government with 14 votes in the the 28-seat Parliament

The Photos